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An access token connects systems. Its boundaries determine what that connection can safely do.

Follow an equipment purchase across browser applications, APIs, automated workers and a device client. See how protocol controls and application authorization work together, and where each responsibility belongs.

For architects and developers who already know OAuth and OpenID Connect.

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Decisions this paper helps you make

  1. Defend tokens in the browser

    Choose token placement and sender binding together: a BFF, DPoP and mTLS address different boundaries.

  2. Make downstream authority explicit

    Separate delegated user access from workload identity, including when an API calls another API.

  3. Protect the business operation

    Connect authentication strength and freshness to authorization checks on the current record.

  4. Plan for operational failure

    Treat session stores, refresh coordination, replay state and key material as security dependencies.

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